New Fossil Primate Species Discovered at Dalquest Desert Research Site

New Fossil Primate Species Discovered at Dalquest Desert Research Site

The naming of a previously unknown species of fossil primate, Mescalerolemur horneri, discovered in the Devil's Graveyard badlands at Midwestern State University's Dalquest Desert Research Site pays tribute to Dr. Norman Horner, MSU's Director of Natural Laboratories. 

Physical anthropologist Chris Kirk and his research students from the University of Texas at Austin named the new genus Mescalerolemur after the Mescalero Apache, who inhabited the Big Bend region of Texas from about 1700-1880. The species name, horneri, honors Horner, an entomologist and professor emeritus who helped to establish MSU's Dalquest Desert Research Site, where the new primate fossils were found. 

MSU's 3,000-acre research site is located on the Presidio/Brewster County line. The land was donated to the university by the late Walter W. Dalquest, a professor of biology, and his wife, Rose, whose philanthropy made the site a reality. 

"The College of Science and Mathematics and the MSU administration are pleased that Dr. Chris Kirk and his students from the Department of Anthropology at The University of Texas are able to describe the new fossil and make such a significant contribution to primate evolution," says Horner. "Certainly, I am honored that the fossil was named after me. I have been fortunate to be able to assist in the development of the Dalquest site." 

Mescalerolemur lived during the Eocene Epoch about 43 million years ago, and would have most closely resembled a small present-day lemur. Mescalerolemur is a member of an extinct primate group - the adapiforms - that were found throughout the Northern Hemisphere in the Eocene. However, just like Mahgarita stevensi, a younger fossil primate found in the same area in 1973, Mescalerolemur is more closely related to Eurasian and African adapiforms than those from North America. 

"These Texas primates are unlike any other Eocene primate community that has ever been found in terms of the species that are represented," says Kirk, psychical anthropologist and associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at The University of Texas at Austin. "The presence of both Mescalerolemur and Mahgarita, which are only found in the Big Bend region of Texas, comes after the more common adapiforms from the Eocene of North America had already become extinct. This is significant because it provides further evidence of faunal interchange between North America and East Asia during the Middle Eocene." 

By the end of the Eocene, primates and other tropically adapted species had all but disappeared from North America due to climatic cooling, so Kirk is sampling the last burst of diversity in North American primates. With its lower latitudes and more equable climate, West Texas offered warm-adapted species a greater chance of survival after the cooling began. 

Kirk says Marie Butcher, a then undergraduate from The University of Texas at Austin, found the first isolated tooth of Mescalerolemur in 2005. Since that time, many more primate fossils have been recovered by Kirk and more than 20 student volunteers at a locality called "Purple Bench." This fossil locality is three to four million years older than the Devil's Graveyard sediments that had previously produced Mahgarita stevensi. 

"I initially thought that we had found a new, smaller species of Mahgarita," Kirk says. 

However, as more specimens were prepared at the Texas Memorial Museum's Vertebrate Paleontology Lab, Kirk realized he had discovered not just a new species, but a new genus that was previously unknown to science.   

Fossils of Mescalerolemur indicate it was a small primate, weighing only about 370 grams. This body weight is similar to that of the living greater dwarf lemur. Mescalerolemur's dental anatomy reveals a close evolutionary relationship with adapiform primates from Eurasia and Africa, including Darwinius masillae, a German fossil primate previously claimed to be a human ancestor. However, the discovery of Mescalerolemur provides further evidence that adapiform primates like Darwinius are more closely related to living lemurs and bush babies than they are to humans. 

"Because Mescalerolemur and Mahgarita are close relatives, fusion of the lower jaws in Mahgarita must have occurred independently from that observed in humans and their relatives, the monkeys and apes," Kirk says.

The new genus is named Mescalerolemur after the Mescalero Apache, who inhabited the Big Bend region of Texas from about 1700-1880. The species name, horneri, honors Norman Horner, an entomologist and professor emeritus at Midwestern State University (MSU) in Wichita Falls, Texas. Horner helped to establish MSU's Dalquest Desert Research Site, where the new primate fossils were found.

Kirk and his colleague Blythe Williams of Duke University will publish their findings in the Journal of Human Evolution article, "New adapiform primate of Old World affinities from the Devil's Graveyard Formation of Texas."